The Internet Archive Software Collection is the largest vintage and historical software library in the world, providing instant access to millions of programs, CD-ROM images, documentation and multimedia.The collection includes a broad range of software related materials including shareware, freeware, video news releases about software titles, speed runs of actual software game play, previews and promos for software games, high-score and skill replays of various game genres, and the art of filmmaking with real-time computer game engines. Some highlighted collections:(TOSEC) is a retrocomputing initiative dedicated to the cataloging and preservation of software, firmware and resources for microcomputers, minicomputers and video game consoles. The main goal of the project is to catalog and audit various kinds of software and firmware images for these systems. TOSEC catalogs over 200 unique computing platforms and continues to grow. The project has identified and cataloged over 450,000 different software images/sets, consisting of over 3.60TB of software, firmware and resources.
The goal of the TOSEC project is to maintain a database of all software and firmware images for all microcomputers, minicomputers and video game consoles. In addition to this, the project also catalogs other computing and gaming resources such as software and hardware manuals, magazine scans and computing catalogs.collects thousands of Shareware and Cover CD-ROMs from the heyday of the CD-ROM (late 1980s to mid 2000s) and provides ISO images as well as links inside these collections of software.
With over 2,500 discs now hosted, the archive allows access to a wide range of historical collections, including curations by defunct groups like Walnut Creek and Linux/Unix distributions of the past. Other CD-ROMs include images and digitized music, documentation sets and game modifications. Most of these CD-ROMs can be downloaded as.ISO or.CDR files, as well as browsed online through the Internet Archive's file listing interface.is a curated collection hosting over 4,000 classic PC-based games from a quarter century. The collection contains shareware, freeware, and demo programs, all DOS or Windows-based.is a collection of various FTP sites from around the internet, gathering what were once the dominant form of file transfer online but which have fallen to the wayside in favor of other update servers and cloud-based storage. From the mid 1980s to the late 2000s, FTP sites would gather various needed patches, programs, utilities or information and make it available in a quick, seamless fashion.
This boneyard contains many prominent FTP sites of the past, including and its ancient machine drivers,. In all, many gigabytes of historical files are located here.Many times, contributions and collections come in the form of a disk drive, or the output from a single hard drive's contents. Instead of delaying these items until they can be curated, the collection provides access to these large file repositories. In most cases, these collections can be browsed online, allowing access to all manner of user-created software writing dating from the 1980s-1990s period.Built from the cache of an ISP that stopped providing a mirror after many years, the collection contains many Linux and other Free OS distributions going back to the dawn of open-source operating systems. The collection primarily contains ISOs of the original CD and DVD-ROMs.Many other groups are working hard to save and provide easier access to vintage software.
Besides preserving the data off the original medium, these groups also classify, curate, and describe the software for historical context. In some cases, additional programs are provided to analyze the works and allow modern computers to access the material. The contains the many different efforts put out by these groups.Be sure to browse the collection, which gathers a number of now-dormant mirrors and collections to allow continued access to the older materials. Among the highlights are a 2004 mirror, a 2012 gathering of deleted files, and others.Finally, do not miss the, which is the default contribution space for the users of the Internet Archive to keep copies of software available to all. Tens of thousands of programs, distributions and provisions are located here.The Software Collection primarily provides the actual binary data for programs, as well as the original storage archives for files. If you are looking for manuals, books, or printed information, there are a number of other collections at the archive, including sections for, and.Please contact, software curator at the Internet Archive, with questions, suggestions or possible donations to the collection. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Appcheck Anti-Ransomware Win 7-8.1-10 (x86-x64) All Version:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ATTENZIONE:: il Virus Ransomware funziona crittografando i file come ostaggio e richiede denaro per la decrittografarli e.
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DESCRIPTION The Internet Archive Software Collection is the largest vintage and historical software library in the world, providing instant access to millions of programs, CD-ROM images, documentation and multimedia.The collection includes a broad range of software related materials including shareware, freeware, video news releases about software titles, speed runs of actual software game play, previews and promos for software games, high-score and skill replays of various game genres, and the art of filmmaking with real-time computer game engines. Some highlighted collections:(TOSEC) is a retrocomputing initiative dedicated to the cataloging and preservation of software, firmware and resources for microcomputers, minicomputers and video game consoles.
The main goal of the project is to catalog and audit various kinds of software and firmware images for these systems. TOSEC catalogs over 200 unique computing platforms and continues to grow. The project has identified and cataloged over 450,000 different software images/sets, consisting of over 3.60TB of software, firmware and resources. The goal of the TOSEC project is to maintain a database of all software and firmware images for all microcomputers, minicomputers and video game consoles. In addition to this, the project also catalogs other computing and gaming resources such as software and hardware manuals, magazine scans and computing catalogs.collects thousands of Shareware and Cover CD-ROMs from the heyday of the CD-ROM (late 1980s to mid 2000s) and provides ISO images as well as links inside these collections of software. With over 2,500 discs now hosted, the archive allows access to a wide range of historical collections, including curations by defunct groups like Walnut Creek and Linux/Unix distributions of the past.
Other CD-ROMs include images and digitized music, documentation sets and game modifications. Most of these CD-ROMs can be downloaded as.ISO or.CDR files, as well as browsed online through the Internet Archive's file listing interface.is a curated collection hosting over 4,000 classic PC-based games from a quarter century. The collection contains shareware, freeware, and demo programs, all DOS or Windows-based.is a collection of various FTP sites from around the internet, gathering what were once the dominant form of file transfer online but which have fallen to the wayside in favor of other update servers and cloud-based storage. From the mid 1980s to the late 2000s, FTP sites would gather various needed patches, programs, utilities or information and make it available in a quick, seamless fashion. This boneyard contains many prominent FTP sites of the past, including and its ancient machine drivers,. In all, many gigabytes of historical files are located here.Many times, contributions and collections come in the form of a disk drive, or the output from a single hard drive's contents.
Instead of delaying these items until they can be curated, the collection provides access to these large file repositories. In most cases, these collections can be browsed online, allowing access to all manner of user-created software writing dating from the 1980s-1990s period.Built from the cache of an ISP that stopped providing a mirror after many years, the collection contains many Linux and other Free OS distributions going back to the dawn of open-source operating systems.
The collection primarily contains ISOs of the original CD and DVD-ROMs.Many other groups are working hard to save and provide easier access to vintage software. Besides preserving the data off the original medium, these groups also classify, curate, and describe the software for historical context. In some cases, additional programs are provided to analyze the works and allow modern computers to access the material. The contains the many different efforts put out by these groups.Be sure to browse the collection, which gathers a number of now-dormant mirrors and collections to allow continued access to the older materials. Among the highlights are a 2004 mirror, a 2012 gathering of deleted files, and others.Finally, do not miss the, which is the default contribution space for the users of the Internet Archive to keep copies of software available to all.
Tens of thousands of programs, distributions and provisions are located here.The Software Collection primarily provides the actual binary data for programs, as well as the original storage archives for files. If you are looking for manuals, books, or printed information, there are a number of other collections at the archive, including sections for, and.Please contact, software curator at the Internet Archive, with questions, suggestions or possible donations to the collection.
Ennio Morricone, ( Italian:; born 10 November 1928) is an Italian, and former player, writing in a wide range of musical styles. Since 1961, Morricone has composed over 400 scores for cinema and television, as well as over 100 classical works. His score to 1966's is considered one of the most influential soundtracks in history and was inducted into the. Ennio Morricone has influenced many artists from film scoring to other styles and genres, including, Metallica, and.His filmography includes over 70 award-winning films, including all films (since ), all films (since ), 's Animal Trilogy, several major films in French cinema, in particular the comedy trilogy, and, as well as, and.After playing the trumpet in jazz bands in the 1940s, he became a studio arranger for and in 1955 started for film and theatre. Throughout his career, he has composed music for artists such as,.
From 1960 to 1975, Morricone gained international fame for composing music for. With an estimated 10 million copies sold, Once Upon a Time in the West is one of the best-selling worldwide.He also scored seven westerns for, 's duology and 's. Morricone worked extensively for other film genres with directors such as,. His acclaimed soundtrack for (1986) was certified in the United States. The album stayed 105 weeks on the Billboard Top Classical Albums.Morricone's best-known compositions include ', ', ', ', the UK No. 2 single ', ' and '. He functioned during the period 1966–1980 as a main member of, one of the first experimental composers collectives.
As of 2013, Ennio Morricone has sold over 70 million records worldwide. In 1971, he received a ' for the worldwide sales of 22 million.In 1969, he co-founded, a prestigious recording studio.
From the 1970s, Morricone excelled in Hollywood, composing for prolific American directors such as,. In 1977, he composed the official theme for the. He continued to compose music for European productions, such as,.
Morricone's music has been reused in television series, including and, and in many films, including and.In 2007, he received the 'for his magnificent and multifaceted contributions to the art of film music.' He has been nominated for a further six. In 2016, Morricone received his first Academy Award for his score to Quentin Tarantino's film The Hateful Eight (2015), at the time becoming the oldest person ever to win a competitive Oscar. His other achievements include three, three, six, ten, eleven, two, the and the in 2010. Morricone was born in Rome, the son of Libera Ridolfi and Mario Morricone, a musician. His family came from, near.
Morricone, who had four siblings, Adriana, Aldo, Maria and Franca, lived in, in the centre of Rome, with his parents. Mario was a trumpet player who worked professionally in different light-music orchestras, while Libera set up a small textile business. Classical educationHis first teacher was his father Mario Morricone, who taught him how to read music and also to play several instruments. Compelled to take up the trumpet, he entered the, to take trumpet lessons under the guidance of Umberto Semproni. Morricone in 1978 withMorricone played a key role in The Group and was among the core members in its revolving line-up; in addition to serving as their trumpet player, he directed them on many occasions and they can be heard on a large number of his scores from the 1970s.Held in high regard in avant-garde music circles, they are considered to be the first experimental composers collective, their only peers being the British improvisation collective. Their influence can be heard in free improvising ensembles from the European movements including, the Swiss electronic free improvisation group, and in the techniques of modern classical music and avant-garde jazz groups.
The ensemble's groundbreaking work informed their work in composition. The ensemble also performed in varying capacities with Morricone, contributing to some of his '60s and '70s Italian soundtracks, including (1969) and (1971).
Film music genres ComedyHis earliest scores were Italian light comedy and costume pictures, where Morricone learned to write simple, memorable themes. During the sixties and seventies he composed the scores for comedies such as (1962), (1963), 's (1963), (1965), (1965), (1966), (1967), (1968), (1969), (1972), (1972) and (1972).His best-known scores for comedies includes (1978) and (1980), both directed by, (1980), 's (1985), 's (1990) and Warren Beatty's Bulworth (1998). Morricone has never ceased to arrange and write music for comedies.
In 2007, he composed a lighthearted score for the Italian romantic comedy Tutte le Donne della mia Vita by Simona Izzo, the director who co-wrote the Morricone-scored religious mini-series Il Papa Buono. WesternsThough his first films were undistinguished, Morricone's arrangement of an American folk song intrigued director and former schoolmate Sergio Leone. Before being associated with Leone, Morricone had already composed some music for less-known western movies such as (aka Gunfight at Red Sands) (1963). In 1962, Morricone met American folksinger, who is credited with singing the lyrics of Morricone's songs such as 'A Gringo Like Me' (from Gunfight at Red Sands) and 'Lonesome Billy' (from Bullets Don't Argue). Association with Sergio LeoneThe turning point in Morricone's career took place in 1964, the year in which his third child, who would also become a film composer, was born. Film director Sergio Leone hired Morricone, and together they created a distinctive score to accompany Leone's of the, (1964).The Dollars trilogy.
From film scoreProblems playing this file? See.As memorable as Leone's, harsh violence, and black comedy, Morricone's work helped to expand the musical possibilities of film scoring. Morricone was initially billed on the film as Dan Savio.
A Fistful of Dollars came out in Italy in 1964 and was released in America three years later, greatly popularizing the so-called genre. For the American release, Sergio Leone and Ennio Morricone decided to adopt American-sounding names, so they called themselves respectively Bob Robertson and Dan Savio. Over the film's theatrical release, it grossed more than any other Italian film up to that point. The film debuted in the United States in January 1967, where it grossed 4.5 million for the year. It eventually grossed $14.5 million in its American release, against its budget of US$200–250,000.With the score of A Fistful of Dollars, Morricone began his 20-year collaboration with his childhood friend and his Cantori Moderni.
Alessandroni provided the whistling and the twanging guitar on the film scores, while his Cantori Moderni were a flexible troupe of modern singers. Morricone specifically exploited the solo of the group, at the height of her powers 'an extraordinary voice at my disposal'.The composer subsequently scored Leone's other two (or ) spaghetti westerns: (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three films starred the American actor as The Man With No Name and depicted Leone's own intense vision of the mythical West.
Some of the music was written before the film, which was unusual. Leone's films were made like that because he wanted the music to be an important part of it; he kept the scenes longer because he did not want the music to end. According to Morricone this explains why the films are so slow.Despite the small film budgets, the Dollars Trilogy was a box-office success. The available budget for The Good, the Bad and The Ugly was about US$1.2 million, but it became the most successful film of the Dollars Trilogy, grossing US$25.1 million in the United States and over 2,3 billion (1,2 million EUR) in Italy alone. Morricone's score became a major success and sold over three million copies worldwide, earning him over 200 million dollars. On 14 August 1968 the original score was certified by the with a golden record for the sale of 500,000 copies in the United States only.The main theme of For a Few Dollars More (') was covered by ('For a Few Dollars More'), ('Theme From a Few Dollars More'), ('For A Few Dollars More'), ('For a Few Dollars More'), and Matti Heinivaho ('Arosusi').
More recently, a cover was done by ('Hasta Luego'). A remix was done by, 'For a Few Dollars More (Terranova Remix)'.Hugo Montenegro's version of the of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly sold over one million copies worldwide. Montenegro's album with the same name included a selection of Morricone's compositions from the Dollars Trilogy. In the United States, the album was certified gold by the RIAA on 9 September 1969.
The was later sampled by artists such as ('), and.' ' became one of Morricone's best-known compositions. The opening scene of 's (2006), in which the cast is chased through a suburban neighborhood by bulls, is accompanied by this piece. While punk rock band the used 'The Ecstasy of Gold' as closing theme during their live performances, uses 'The Ecstasy of Gold' as the introductory music for its concerts since 1983 This composition is also included on Metallica's live symphonic album as well as the live album. An instrumental metal cover by Metallica (with minimal vocals by lead singer ) appeared on the 2007 Morricone tribute album.
This metal version was nominated for a in the category of. In 2009, the Grammy Award-winning hip-hop artist extensively sampled the theme for his song 'Change'. Once Upon a Time in the West and others. Main article:Subsequent to the success of the Dollars trilogy, Morricone composed also the scores for Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and Leone's last credited western film (1971), as well as the scores for (1973) and (1975), produced by Sergio Leone.Morricone's score for is one of the best-selling original instrumental scores in the world today, with up to 10 million copies sold, including one million copies in France and over 800,000 copies in the Netherlands. One of the main themes from the score, 'A Man with Harmonica' (L'uomo Dell'armonica), became worldwide known and sold over 1,260,000 copies in France alone. This theme was later sampled in popular songs such as 's ' (1990) and 's ambient single ' (1990). Film composer sampled 'A Man with Harmonica' in 2007 as part of his composition 'Parlay' (from the soundtrack ).The collaboration with Leone is considered one of the exemplary.
Morricone's last score for Leone was for his last film, the gangster drama (1984). Leone died on 30 April 1989 of a heart attack at the age of 60. Before his death in 1989, Leone was part-way through planning a film on the, set during World War II. By 1989, Leone had been able to acquire US$100 million in financing from independent backers for the war epic. He had convinced Morricone to compose the film score.
The project was canceled when Leone died two days before he was to officially sign on for the film. In early 2003, Italian filmmaker Giuseppe Tornatore announced he would direct a film called Leningrad. The film has yet to go into production and Morricone has been cagey thus far as to details on account of Tornatore's superstitious nature.
As of 2018, no further details about this film have been released.Association with Sergio Corbucci and Sergio SollimaTwo years after the start of his collaboration with Sergio Leone, Morricone also started to score music for another Spaghetti Western director,. Ennio Morricone at theHe made his North American concert debut on 3 February 2007 at in New York City. The previous evening, Morricone had already presented at the United Nations a concert comprising some of his film themes, as well as the cantata Voci dal silenzio to welcome the new Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon.
A review bemoaned the poor acoustics and opined of Morricone: 'His stick technique is adequate, but his charisma as a conductor is zero.' Morricone, though, has said: 'Conducting has never been important to me. If the audience comes for my gestures, they had better stay outside.' On 12 December 2007 Morricone conducted the Orchestra Roma Sinfonietta at the in Vienna, presenting a selection of his own works.Together with the Roma Sinfonietta and the Belfast Philharmonic Choir, Morricone performed at the Opening Concerts of the, in the on 17 and 18 October 2008.Morricone and Orchestra Roma Sinfonietta also held a concert at the (Belgrade, Serbia) on 14 February 2009.On 10 April 2010 Morricone conducted a concert at the in London with the and (as in all of his previous London concerts) the.
On 11 September he conducted a concert in.On 26 February 2012 Morricone made his Australian debut when he conducted the Western Australian Youth Orchestra together with a 100 voice chorus (made up primarily of WASO chorus members) at the Burswood Theatre (part of (formerly known as Burswood Entertainment Complex)) in. On 2 March 2012 he conducted the at Elder Park, as part of the.On 22 December 2012 Morricone conducted the 85-piece Belgian orchestra 'Orkest der Lage Landen' and a 100-piece choir during a two-hour concert in the in Antwerp.In November 2013 Morricone began a world tour to coincide with the 50th anniversary of his film music career and performed in locations such as the in Moscow, Berlin, Germany (O2 World), Budapest, Hungary, and Vienna (Stadhalle). Back in June 2014, Morricone had to cancel a U.S tour in New York (Barclays Center) and Los Angeles (Nokia Theatre LA Live) due to a back procedure on 20 February.
Morricone postponed the rest of his world tour.In November 2014 Morricone stated that he will resume his European tour starting from February 2015. Forum Music Village.
Main article:In the late 1960s, Morricone and three other Italian composers (, and Luis Bacalov) founded (Rome), previously called Ortophonic recording studio. The recording studio has some peculiarities, one of them is the ability to record a church organ directly to the studio.Morricone has been using the studio to create his scores for the past 40 years. The studio has hosted many directors who have worked alongside him, including Brian De Palma, and Barry Levinson.The Academy Award-winning scores of by and by were recorded in Studio A of Forum Music Village.Notable artists who have recorded at Forum Music Village are, Andrea Bocelli,.
Personal life. On 13 October 1956 he married Maria Travia, whom he had met in 1950. Travia has written lyrics to complement her husband's pieces. Her works include the Latin texts for The Mission.
They have three sons and a daughter, in order of birth: Marco (1957), Alessandra (1961), the conductor and film composer (1964), and Giovanni Morricone (1966), a filmmaker, who lives in New York City. Morricone has lived in Italy his entire life and has never desired to live in Hollywood. Morricone is also not fluent in English and will give interviews only in Italian, his.On 25 June 2019, listed Ennio Morricone among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the. Main article:Ennio Morricone has influenced many artists from other styles and genres, including, Metallica, and. Morricone's influence extends into the realm of pop music. Had a hit with a version of the from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in both the United Kingdom and the United States.
This was followed by his album of Morricone's music in 1968. Aside from his music having been sampled by everyone from rappers , to electronic outfits , Morricone wrote 'Se Telefonando', which became Italy's fifth biggest-selling record of 1966 and has since been re-recorded by, among many others, and scored the strings for 'Dear God, Please Help Me' on 's 2006 Ringleader of the Tormentors album. Morricone's film music was also recorded by many artists.
Recorded an album of Morricone's music, with Keith Rosenberg in the mid-1980s. Lyricists and poets have helped convert some of his melodies into a songbook.
Morricone collaborated with world music artists, like Portuguese singer (in 2003 with Focus, an album praised by and where his songbook can be sampled) and cellist Yo-Yo Ma (in 2004), who both recorded albums of Morricone classics with the Roma Sinfonietta Orchestra and Morricone himself conducting. The album sold over 130,000 copies in 2004. In 1990 the American singer, best known for the 1979 disco hit 'Knock on Wood', recorded a tribute album entitled for the label, including a selection of the composer's best-known songs.
Since the mid-1980s Stewart resides in Italy, the Pearls album features Rome's Philharmonic Orchestra and was co-produced by Morricone himself., uses Morricone's as an intro at their concerts (shock jocks also used the song at the start of their and shows.) The also played it on Metallica's album. The theme from A Fistful of Dollars is also used as a concert intro by.
's hit single (2006) was musically inspired by Morricone. The, Morricone's tribute band started in Australia. Has admitted Morricone's influence. Morricone at the., has noted Morricone's influence on his writing, in particular on album. In 2007, the tribute album was released, featuring performances by various artists, including, Bruce Springsteen and Metallica. Morricone inspired the namesake of, a New York band dedicated to playing music from film and television, founded by musician and radio host Devon E.
In addition to composers like and, the band has performed music from a large spectrum of Morricone's film career, ranging from his work in the spaghetti westerns to The Exorcist II, as well as original Morricone-inspired pieces. On their 2008 album, the independent rock band composed and included a song as a theme/tribute to Morricone entitled 'Theme (for Ennio Morricone)'., drew inspiration from the recording style of Morricone for their album. Cites Morricone as an influence for the songs 'City of Delusion', 'Hoodoo', and ' on their album. The band has recently started playing the song 'Man with a Harmonica' live played by Chris Wolstenholme, as an intro to 'Knights of Cydonia'. 'The Globalist' from their 2015 album features a Morricone-influenced introduction. The score for, composed by was inspired and uses several elements from Morricone's original soundtrack from, directed by, the 1982 film of the same name.
His composition 'Alla luce del giorno', being used for a 30-second YouTube advertisement for Grubhub in September–October 2017. ', a song released in 2014 by French music producer, is influenced by Morricone's western scores.Discography. Main article: Worldwide salesEnnio Morricone has sold well over 70 million records worldwide during his career that spanned over seven decades, including 6.5 million albums and singles in France, over three million in the United States and more than two million albums in. In 1971, the composer received his first golden record (disco d'oro) for the sale of 1,000,000 records in Italy and a 'Targa d'Oro' for the worldwide sales of 22 million. Top worldwide film grossesEnnio Morricone has been involved with at least 19 different movies grossing over US$20 million at the box office YearTitleDirectorGross ( US$)196521,7Sergio Leone25,100,000.197730,749,142.197825,025,0Sergio Leone30,537,1106,226,020,020,710,451.199149,114,0,9131,0Barry Levinson214,029,2Brian De Palma110,9Giuseppe Tornatore20,4155,760,117'. ' = US-only figures. Other successful movies with Morricone's work are (1979), (2003, 2004), (2009) and (2012) though the tracks used are sampled from older pictures.Selected long-time collaborations with directors DirectorPeriodNo.
Music from the Movies, film music journal double issue 45/46, 2005:. Miceli, Sergio. Morricone, la musica, il cinema. Milan: Mucchi/Ricordi, 1994:. Miceli, Sergio.
'Morricone, Ennio'. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, edited. London: Macmillan Publishers. Poppi, R., M.
Dizionario del cinema italiano. Dal 1960 al 1969. Gremese, 1993:. Poppi, R., M. Dizionario del cinema italiano. Dal 1970 al 1979. A/L.
Gremese, 1996:. Poppi, R., M. Dizionario del cinema italiano. Dal 1970 al 1979. M/Z. Gremese, 1996:. Poppi, R., M.
Dizionario del cinema italiano. Dal 1980 al 1989. A/L. Gremese, 2000:.
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Retrieved 13 September 2011. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.Further reading. / (1928). (1932). (1934). (1935).
/ and (1936). / / / (1937). / / and /, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Harry D. Mills, Walter Oberst / and Allen Davey / (1938). / / / (, )/ (1939). / (1940)., John N.
Hawkins, and the / and his associates / Rey Scott / (1941). / / (1942). (1943). / (1944). Republic Studio, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / / / (1945). / / / (1946).
/, and / / (1947). / / / (1948). / / / (1949).
/ / (1950)1951–1975.